References
1. Classic references
- Ramsey PL, Hamilton W. Changes in tibiotalar area of contact caused by lateral talar shift. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1975;58(3):356–357.
- Weber BG . Die Verletzungen des oberen Sprunggelenkes . Bern Stuttgart Wien: Huber Verlag; 1972.
2. Review references
- Scolaro J Maracek G, Barei D. Management of syndesmotic disruption in ankle fractures: a critical analysis review. J Bone Joint Surg Rev. 2014;2(12):e4.
- Jones C, Gilde A, Sietsema D. Treatment of syndesmotic injuries of the ankle: a critical analysis review. J Bone Joint Surg Rev. 2015;3(10):e1.
3. Further references
- Calhoun JH, Li F, Ledbetter BR, et al. A comprehensive study of pressure distribution in the ankle joint with inversion and eversion. Foot Ankle Int. 1994;15(3):125–133.
- Lundberg A, Goldie I, Kalin B, et al. Kinematics of the ankle/foot complex: plantarflexion and dorsiflexion. Foot Ankle. 1989;9(4):194–200.
- Michelson JD. Fractures about the ankle. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1995;77(1):142–152.
- Bauer M, Bergstrom B, Hemborg A, et al. (1985) Malleolar fractures: nonoperative versus operative treatment. A controlled study. Clin Orthop Relat Res ; (199):17–27.
- Kristensen KD, Hansen T. Closed treatment of ankle fractures. Stage II supination-eversion fractures followed for 20 years. Acta Orthop Scand. 1985;56(2):107–109.
- McConnell T, Creevy W, Tornetta P. Stress examination of supination external rotation-type fibular fractures. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2004;86(10):2171-2178.
- Caschman J, Blagg S, Bishay M. The efficacy of the A-V Impulse system in the treatment of posttraumatic swelling following ankle fracture: a prospective randomized controlled study. J Orthop Trauma . 2004;18(9):596–601.
- Hoelsbrekken SE et al . Non operative treatment of the medial malleolus in bimalleolar and trimalleolar ankle fractures : a randomized control trial. J Orthop Trauma. 2013 Nov;27(11):633–637.
- Buckley R. Tricortical screws were as effective as quadricortical screws in ankle fractures at 1 year. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2005;87(2):465.
- Gardner MJ, Demetrakopoulos D, Briggs S et al. Malreduction of the tibiofibular syndesmosis in ankle fractures. Foot Ankle Int. 2006 Oct;27(10):788–792.
- Lehtonen H, Jarvinen TL, Honkonen S, et al. Use of a cast compared with a functional ankle brace after operative treatment of an ankle fracture. A prospective, randomized study. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2003;85(2):205–211.
- Srinivasan CM, Moran CG. Internal fixation of ankle fractures in the very elderly. Injury. 2001;32(7):559–563.
- Lui TH et al. Comparison of radiological and arthroscopic diagnoses of distal tibiafibular syndesmotic disruption in acute ankle fractures. Arthroscopy. 2005 Nov; 21(11):1370.
- Koenig SJ, Tornetta P 3rd, Merlin G. Can we tell if the syndesmosis is reduced using fluoroscopy? J Orthop Trauma. 2015 Jan 29.
- Belcher GL, Radomisli TE, Abate JA, et al. Functional outcome analysis of operatively treated malleolar fractures. J Orthop Trauma. 1997;11(2):106–109.
- Ponzer S, Nasell H, Tornkvist H. Functional outcome and quality of life in patients with Type B ankle fractures: a two-year follow-up study. J Orthop Trauma. 1999;13(5):363–368.
- Bhandari M, Sprague S, Hanson B, et al. Health-related quality of life following operative treatment of unstable ankle fractures: a prospective observational study. J Orthop Trauma. 2004;18(6):338–345.
- Obremskey WT, Dirschl DR, Crowther JD, et al. Change over time of SF-36 functional outcomes for operatively treated unstable ankle fractures. J Orthop Trauma. 2002;16(1):30–33.
- Willett K, Keene D, Mistry D et al. Closed contact casting versus surgery for initial treatment of unstable ankle fractures in older adults: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2016;316(14): 1455–1463.
- Rohner-Spengler M, Frotzler A, Honigmann P, et al . Effective treatment of posttraumatic and postoperative edema in patients with ankle and hindfoot fractures. J Bone Joint Surg Am . 2014;96:1263–71
